{"id":5167,"date":"2026-10-11T08:39:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-10T23:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bitpress.kr\/?p=5167"},"modified":"2026-10-11T08:39:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-10T23:39:00","slug":"xrp-ledger-overflow-bug-free-xrp-supply-cap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bitpress.kr\/en\/xrp-ledger-overflow-bug-free-xrp-supply-cap\/","title":{"rendered":"XRP's supply is fixed. So how did free XRP almost appear?"},"content":{"rendered":"

All XRP, 100 billion coins, was created at once in 2012, when the XRP Ledger (a shared record of XRP transactions kept by many servers) first opened. It was designed so that not a single coin more could ever be created. But a security report released by XRP Ledger developers on Oct. 9 says a math error that could break that promise had been hiding since 2015, for about 10 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bug is fixed and there is no sign anyone used it, so it is easy to read this as case closed. But the real point lies elsewhere. The promise that \"the number is fixed\" was not a law of nature. It was kept by math code that people wrote, and by a small group of developers and validators who could change that code within days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. How could free XRP have appeared?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    The XRP Ledger has a built-in marketplace where coins are swapped for one another. An attacker creates a few hundred accounts, and each posts an offer that says, \"I'll give you a tiny amount of a token if you pay me a huge amount of XRP.\" Then another account buys all of those offers at once in a single payment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The problem is the moment the total is added up. The box the program used to hold amounts had a maximum, and when the amounts from hundreds of offers were added, the sum went past that maximum and wrapped around to a very small number. Each selling account received its full amount, but the buying account paid only the small wrapped-around total. The difference was new XRP that had never existed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Think of an old car's six-digit odometer. Drive 1 more km at 999,999 km and it rolls back to 0 km. The difference: an odometer only shows the wrong number, while this bug was like a checkout that rings up almost nothing while the goods really walk out the door.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Why didn't the safety checks catch it?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      The XRP Ledger runs a check on every transaction to make sure \"no new XRP was created.\" But that check added up the totals the same way, so it wrapped around to the same small number. There was also a check that trips if a single account holds more than the total supply, but spreading the new XRP across hundreds of accounts got past it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      It didn't take much, either. All it needed was a few hundred XRP in deposits locked up when accounts and offers are created (returned later), plus fees. Developers said an attacker could have created XRP far beyond the total supply in a single validated transaction, and that XRP could be sent to exchanges like any other XRP. Put simply, the checkout receipt and the vault ledger used the same broken calculator, so both were wrong but still matched each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Why did no one notice for 10 years?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        The current payment engine was written in 2015, and the check for newly created XRP was added two years later on top of the same math. Normal payments never come anywhere near that maximum. It was a hole you could reach only by deliberately building hundreds of offers at absurd prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        It was reported by researcher Cayden Liao and Veria AI. They reported it on Sept. 22 through the XRP Ledger's bug bounty program (which pays a reward to people who find and report security holes). RippleX, the developer arm of Ripple (a company that has long helped develop the XRP Ledger), reproduced the attack the same day and confirmed that the newly created XRP could actually be spent in a later transaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. How was it stopped? A vote skipped for the first time<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          XRP Ledger rules usually change by vote. A new rule switches on only after more than 80% of trusted validators (server operators that cross-check the ledger) support it for two weeks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          This time, that process was skipped. On Sept. 25, developers released emergency update xrpld 3.4.1 (the XRP Ledger server software), saying only that it fixed security issues and withholding the details and the source code (the source code was published Oct. 9). Publishing the fixed code would have served as a map to the hole, and waiting weeks for a vote would have left a known hole open. More than 80% of default validators upgraded on the day it was released.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Developers said this was the first time transaction processing had been changed without a vote in the more than 10 years since the voting system was introduced. There was no sign the bug was ever exploited, and the report was published on Oct. 9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. It happened to Bitcoin too. Here's what's different<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            On Aug. 15, 2010, a similar overflow error in Bitcoin let one transaction create about 184.4 billion bitcoins, for a coin capped at 21 million. A fixed version came out within five hours. The record split in two, and when the correct record pulled ahead, those bitcoins disappeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            The difference this time is the order of events. Bitcoin rolled back its record after the bug was actually exploited, while XRP was patched before any sign of exploitation appeared. In both cases, what protected the number was not the cap written in code, but people who moved quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n\n\n\n
              \n
            1. BITPRESS Insight<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              For people who own XRP, the promise that \"100 billion is the limit\" matters. If an attacker created and sold 10 billion new XRP, 100 billion would become 110 billion, and the share of all XRP that your coins represent would shrink by about 9% (example calculation). It is like more people sharing a pizza of the same size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              This episode showed that what kept the promise was people, not a number: the researchers who reported the hole, the developers who reproduced it the same day, and the validators who upgraded that day. At the same time, this fix was released by developers without a vote and took effect as validators upgraded on their own. That can be read to mean that in an emergency, transaction rules can change on the judgment of a small group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              So when you hear the phrase \"a coin with a fixed supply,\" it is more accurate to see that you are trusting not just the number, but also the code that guards it and the people who fix that code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n\n\n\n

              Sources
              https:\/\/xrpl.org\/blog\/2026\/vulnerabilitydisclosurereport-bug-20261009<\/a>
              https:\/\/xrpl.org\/blog\/2026\/xrpld-3.4.1<\/a>
              https:\/\/xrpl.org\/docs\/introduction\/what-is-xrp<\/a>
              https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/tech\/2026\/10\/10\/xrp-ledger-patched-decade-old-bug-that-could-create-billions-of-dollars-in-xrp-from-nothing<\/a>
              https:\/\/u.today\/how-critical-xrp-ledger-bug-nearly-unleashed-unlimited-xrp-mint<\/a>
              https:\/\/en.bitcoin.it\/wiki\/Value_overflow_incident<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n\n\n\n

              Glossary<\/strong>
              XRP Ledger (XRPL)<\/strong> \u2014 A shared ledger in which servers around the world keep identical records of who sent XRP to whom.
              Validator<\/strong> \u2014 A server operator that cross-checks new transaction records with others and adds them to the ledger.
              Overflow error<\/strong> \u2014 An error in which a sum exceeds the largest number a program can hold and wraps around to an oddly small number.
              Bug bounty program<\/strong> \u2014 A program that pays a reward to people who find a security hole and report it first.
              Source code<\/strong> \u2014 The human-readable blueprint that spells out how a program works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              BITPRESS articles are information to help your investment decisions, not a recommendation to buy or sell any stock or coin. Investment decisions and their results are your own responsibility.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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BITPRESS : \ube44\ud2b8\ud504\ub808\uc2a4 - \ud22c\uc790\u00b7\ucf54\uc778\u00b7\uc8fc\uc2dd \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc744 \uc77d\ub294 \ub274\uc2a4<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bitpress.kr\/en\/xrp-ledger-overflow-bug-free-xrp-supply-cap\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\uac1c\uc218\uac00 \uc815\ud574\uc9c4 XRP, \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uacf5\uc9dc\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c \uc0dd\uae38 \ubed4\ud588\uc744\uae4c - BITPRESS : \ube44\ud2b8\ud504\ub808\uc2a4 - \ud22c\uc790\u00b7\ucf54\uc778\u00b7\uc8fc\uc2dd \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc744 \uc77d\ub294 \ub274\uc2a4\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"XRP\ub294 2012\ub144 1,000\uc5b5 \uac1c\ub97c \ud55c \ubc88\uc5d0 \ub2e4 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uace0 \ub354\ub294 \ub298\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \uc124\uacc4\ub410\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uac1c\ubc1c\uc9c4 \uc870\uc0ac\ub85c\ub294 2015\ub144\uc5d0 \ub9cc\ub4e0 \uacb0\uc81c \uacc4\uc0b0\uc5d0 \uc57d 10\ub144\uac04 \uc624\ub958\uac00 \uc228\uc5b4 \uc788\uc5b4, \uacc4\uc815 \uc218\ubc31 \uac1c\uc640 \ubcf4\uc99d\uae08 \uc218\ubc31 XRP\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c8 XRP\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. 9\uc6d4 25\uc77c \uac1c\ubc1c\uc9c4\uc740 \uc138\ubd80 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \uc228\uae30\uace0 \uac70\ub798 \uaddc\uce59 \ud22c\ud45c \uc808\ucc28\uae4c\uc9c0 \ucc98\uc74c\uc73c\ub85c \uac74\ub108\ub6f0\uc5b4 \ub9c9\uc558\ub2e4 \u2014 '\uac1c\uc218 \uace0\uc815'\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc57d\uc18d\uc774 \uacb0\uad6d \ucf54\ub4dc\uc640 \uadf8 \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \uace0\uce58\ub294 \uc18c\uc218\uc758 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0\uac8c \ub2ec\ub824 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc774\ub2e4.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bitpress.kr\/en\/xrp-ledger-overflow-bug-free-xrp-supply-cap\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"BITPRESS : \ube44\ud2b8\ud504\ub808\uc2a4 - 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