{"id":3761,"date":"2026-10-04T09:03:16","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T00:03:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bitpress.kr\/?p=3761"},"modified":"2026-10-04T09:03:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T00:03:16","slug":"icba-sues-occ-circle-coinbase-trust-charters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bitpress.kr\/en\/icba-sues-occ-circle-coinbase-trust-charters\/","title":{"rendered":"Circle and Coinbase got bank charters without taking deposits. Why are they in court?"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Independent Community Bankers of America (ICBA, the trade group for America's community banks) sued the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC, the Treasury agency that grants national bank charters) in federal court on Oct. 2. The target is the 'national trust bank' charters the OCC has granted to crypto firms. The defendant is not Circle or Coinbase but the OCC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The common read is that banks are guarding their turf. Circle (the issuer of USDC, a coin pegged to the dollar) has said its trust bank will not take deposits, and Coinbase (a US crypto exchange) has said it will not take consumer deposits. There seem to be no customers for the banks to lose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But the real issue lies elsewhere. Banks argue the charter is a way to put up a 'national bank' sign while skipping bank rules such as deposit insurance and some capital requirements. If a court strikes down the rule that opened that path, the door to national bank charters for crypto firms could narrow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. What does a bank with no deposits and no loans do?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    A trust bank charter lets a firm offer limited financial services, such as holding and managing assets, without taking deposits or joining the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC, the agency that protects deposits if a bank fails). Think of it as a bank with only a vault and a ledger. Unlike a safe deposit box at a local bank, though, this vault carries a 'national bank' sign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    On July 10, Circle received final OCC approval for a trust bank that will operate as 'Circle National Trust.' Coinbase applied on Oct. 3, 2025, and received conditional approval on April 2, 2026. Crypto exchange Crypto.com remains at the preliminary conditional approval it received on Feb. 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    All three companies stress that they are different from ordinary banks. Circle's trust bank will not take deposits or make loans, and coins held there are not covered by FDIC insurance. Coinbase has said it will not take consumer deposits or engage in fractional reserve banking (keeping only part of deposits on hand and lending out the rest).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Banks object to the rules that are missing<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      According to the complaint, the OCC has approved 21 trust banks (including conditional approvals) under the Trump administration, and at least 13 of them are crypto firms. ICBA argues that they offer services similar to community banks without being subject to FDIC insurance, some capital and liquidity standards, or obligations under the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA, a law that pushes banks to lend in the areas they serve).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Oversight differs too. According to US media reports, the Federal Reserve (the US central bank) does not supervise the parent companies of these trust banks, unlike those of ordinary banks. Put simply, the subsidiary carries a bank sign, while the company above it sits outside central bank supervision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"Congress did not create the national trust charter as a side door into the banking system,\" said ICBA President and CEO Rebeca Romero Rainey. In the end, the banks' worry is money: crypto trust banks could draw away deposits, the raw material for local lending.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Applications poured in after the stablecoin law<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Crypto firms' applications for trust bank charters jumped after President Trump signed the stablecoin law (the GENIUS Act). The law caps stablecoins issued by state-chartered companies at $10 billion outstanding. The industry sees an OCC trust bank charter as the easier path for anyone who wants to issue at scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        As of Sept. 24, $75.2 billion worth of USDC was in circulation (the figure may have changed since). Circle's trust bank could eventually also manage the reserves held to redeem USDC for $1. Circle has not said whether or when it will do so, though.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The charter does not turn USDC into a bank deposit. Even with Circle's trust bank in place, USDC holders get no federal deposit insurance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n\n\n\n
          \n
        1. What is at stake if the lawsuit wins?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          ICBA is aiming less at individual companies than at the rules of the game. On Feb. 27, the OCC finalized a rule that rewrote what trust banks may do, from 'fiduciary activities' to 'operations of a trust company and activities related thereto,' and it took effect April 1. The OCC's position is that the rule neither expands nor contracts its chartering authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The lawsuit will not immediately strip the three companies of their charters. ICBA is challenging the OCC's rule framework for trust banks itself. But some expect that if the court sides with the banks, the door to national bank charters for crypto firms will close.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          There was a similar fight over authority. In July 2018, the OCC decided to accept special purpose bank charter applications from fintechs that take no deposits, and New York's financial regulator sued and won in district court in 2019. On June 3, 2021, an appeals court reversed that ruling. Without weighing the merits, it found that no fintech had applied for or received a charter, so the dispute was not yet ready to be heard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          This time the charter is a different type, a trust bank charter, and at least 13 crypto firms have already been approved (including conditional approvals). On top of that, in 2024 the US Supreme Court scrapped the principle that courts defer to an agency's reading of an unclear law (Chevron deference), and many expect that to weigh heavily in this case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n\n\n\n
            \n
          1. BITPRESS Insight<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            This lawsuit is not a fight over whether crypto firms can become banks. As the banks tell it, it is a fight over whether they can use a bank sign while skipping some bank rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            For Circle shareholders, the lawsuit puts the rule behind the company's federal charter on trial. For USDC holders, by contrast, nothing changes whatever the ruling. Even if the charter stands, USDC gets no deposit insurance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            So the test comes down to one line: if there is no deposit insurance, even with the words 'bank charter' attached, what backs your money is not government insurance but the reserves the company discloses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n\n\n\n

            Sources
            https:\/\/www.americanbanker.com\/news\/exclusive-icba-sues-occ-over-trust-charters<\/a>
            https:\/\/www.thecoinrepublic.com\/2026\/10\/03\/coinbase-circle-and-crypto-coms-bank-ambitions-face-legal-threat\/<\/a>
            https:\/\/www.blockmedia.co.kr\/archives\/1147339<\/a>
            https:\/\/www.pinpointnews.co.kr\/news\/articleView.html?idxno=492417<\/a>
            https:\/\/www.occ.gov\/news-issuances\/bulletins\/2026\/bulletin-2026-4.html<\/a>
            https:\/\/crypto.news\/circle-wins-final-occ-approval-for-u-s-national-trust-bank\/<\/a>
            https:\/\/www.circle.com\/usdc<\/a>
            https:\/\/www.everycrsreport.com\/reports\/LSB10623.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n\n\n\n

            Glossary<\/strong>
            Trust bank charter<\/strong> \u2014 A national bank charter that lets a firm hold and manage other people's assets without taking deposits or making loans.
            FDIC deposit insurance<\/strong> \u2014 A program under which a US government agency repays each depositor up to a set amount if a bank fails.
            Stablecoin reserves<\/strong> \u2014 Assets such as Treasurys and cash that an issuer holds so it can always redeem its stablecoin for $1.
            Bank holding company<\/strong> \u2014 A company that owns a bank as a subsidiary; in the US, the Federal Reserve supervises this parent company as well.
            Chevron deference<\/strong> \u2014 The principle that courts followed an agency's reading when a law was unclear; the US Supreme Court scrapped it in 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            BITPRESS articles are information to help your investment decisions, not a recommendation to buy or sell any stock or coin. Investment decisions and their results are your own responsibility.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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